Linkers, also known as linking words or connectors, play a crucial role in enhancing the coherence and cohesion of written and spoken language. These words or phrases act as bridges, guiding readers and listeners through the logical flow of ideas within a text. Linkers help establish relationships between sentences, making the overall communication more clear, organized, and impactful. This summary introduces the most common linkers across various categories, including additions, cause and effect, purpose, concession, and examples. Each category will be illustrated with context examples to demonstrate how these linkers function in real-world contexts. To reinforce understanding, practice exercises are included to provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge and master the art of using linkers effectively.
1- Linking words of ADDITION:
Also – too – As well –In addition –Moreover –Besides – Not only …. But also
Examples:
- Mark speaks 4 languages. He also has 5 years of experience.
- Mark speaks four languages. He has five years of experience too / as well .
- He speaks 4 languages. In addition / Besides / Moreover, he has 5 years of experience
- Mark not only speaks 4 languages, but also has 5 years of experience.
2- Linking words of PURPOSE:
To – In order to – so as to – so that – for
Examples:
- The student is doing his best to / in order to / so as to achieve excellent results.
- The student is doing his best so that he can achieve excellent results.
- The student is doing his best for success.
Impoertant Rules:
- To /in order to /so as to + verb
- So that + Subject + can
- For +noun
3- Linking words of CAUSE:
Because – Since – as – because of – due to – thanks to –
Examples:
- We didn’t go on a picnic because / since / as it rained.
- We didn’t go on a picnic because of / due to the rain.
- Many students succeed thanks to hard word
Impoertant Rules:
- Because / since / as + Subject + Verb
- Because of / due to / Thanks to + noun
4- Linking words of EFFECT :
So – therefore – As a result – consequently –Because of this – that’s why
Examples:
- It rained. So/ therefore / As a result , we postponed the match.
- It rained. Consequently / Because of this/ because of this, we postponed the match.
5- Linking words of CONCESSION:
But – However –Nevertheless- Despite this –Still –Yet –Although – Even though – Even if –Despite – In spite of –
Examples:
- Despite/ in spite of revising his lessons, Ahmed didn’t get a good mark.
- I was tired, but I couldn’t sleep.
- It was raining. However /Nevertheless /Despite this / Still / Yet , we played football
- Although / even though / even if it was raining, we played football
- We played football athough / even though / even if it was raining
- In spite of / despite the rain, we played football
- We played football despite / in spite of the rain
Impoertant Rules:
- Although / Even though / even if + Subject + Verb
- Despite / In spite of + Noun / Verb +ing
6- Linking words of giving examples / explaining:
For example – For instance – such as – like – In other words – To illustrate–
Examples:
- can play a few instruments, for example / for instance /such as / like , the flute, the guitar, and the piano.
- He wasn’t honest. In other words, he lied.
7- Linking words of SUMMARIZING & CONCLUSION:
To summarize – In brief – To sum up – All in all – To conclude – In conclusion – In short
Examples:
- I like playing football. I also love to go swimming or cycling. To summarize / In brief / All in all/ …. , I am fond of sports.
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Let’s Practice
ََA- FILL IN EACH GAP WITH AN APPROPRIATE WORD FROM THE LIST.
1- Shelly practised well for her driving test; __________ _____she passed it easily.
2- Mr. Philips is talkative, __________ his wife is shy and reserved.
despite – because of – whereas – due to – that’s why
3-Football fans often follow their teams to foreign countries ___________ support them.
4-Air pollution is mainly ___________ smoke from cars and factories
As a result – due to – however – despite – so as to
5-Jelloul speaks three foreign languages ___________ he has never been to school.
6-The doctor says that Amal’s sleeping problems are ___________ the long hours she spends online
Because of – despite – In addition – although
7- We didn’t go on a picnic ___________ bad weather.
Because – due to – for
B- Join the pairs of sentences with the linking words given
- Mr Ferguson’s car broke down on the way. He was late for work. (because)
…………………………………………………………………………………………… - Sonia went to work yesterday. She was not feeling well. ( although)
………………………………………………………………………………………………… - Jamal spent all the afternoon chatting. He didn’t have time do his homework ( because)
…………………………………………………………………………………………… - My brother came home early. He wanted to watch the football match (so as to )
………………………………………………………………………………………… - Jawad read the instructions carefully. He wasn’t able to install the printer ( Although)
………………………………………………………………………………………… - Many people learn computer skills. They want to get better jobs. ( so as to )
………………………………………………………………………………………… - I like studying alone. My sister prefers working with a group ( Whereas)
…………………………………………………………………………………… - Many students are dropping out of school. The school conditions have improved a lot. (although )
……………………………………………………………………………………………… - Malaysia exports high technology. It invests in tourism as well. ( in addition)
…………………………………………………………………………………………… - Randa went to work this morning. The doctor advised her to stay in bed. ( although)
………………………………………………………………………………………… - The students planted many trees. They cleaned all the classrooms too. ( Not only … but also)
………………………………………………………………………………………… - Our local association is very active. Our neighbourhood is clean and safe. ( because)
…………………………………………………………………………………………… - Rachid got a loan from the bank. He wanted to buy an apartment. (in order to)
………………………………………………………………………………………… - The meeting was cancelled. The manager was sick. (because of)
………………………………………………………………………………………… - The show was postponed. There were some technical problems ( due to )
……………………………………………………………………………………… - Morocco has set up a large solar plant. Morocco wants to produce clean energy. ( in order to)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
C- Rewrite the following sentences as indicated:
1- John worked hard. He wanted to get his degree with honous.
In order ……………………………………………………………………………….
2-Taha Hussein was blind. Yet, he wrote a lot of books.
Although ……………………………………………………………………………….
3-Malala won the Nobel Peace Prize in spite of her young age.
Although she ……………………………………………………………………………….
4-Despite being an expert, Jim couldn’t recover his files from his hard disk.
Although Jim …………………………………………………………………………
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